This is
translation to my post “Моя Партизанская жизнь” published on July 1, 2014. You can read this chapter, revised and expanded, in my book "Milestones of Russian history. Past and possible
future of Russia"
Believe it or not, I was in the partisans. I was born shortly
before the war. I don’t remember much myself, but for many years after the war,
when Belarusians got together, especially after drinking, they remembered the
war. So, I know a lot about life in Belarus during the war. Before the war, my
father was drafted into the army. He served somewhere near Bialystok, near the
Polish border.
The Germans, when they started the war on June 22, 1941,
bypassed the unit where my father was and moved on, so that their unit ended up
in the rear. There were no instructions on what to do next. So, everyone went
their separate ways. My father went home. We then lived in a small village in
the Byhov district, Mogilev region. This is in the east of Belarus. Dad had to
walk from the Polish border to our village through almost the whole of Belarus.
He walked at night, mostly through the forest, and slept during the day. It was
summer, there were a lot of berries in the forest, and besides, I think my
father was stealing vegetables from the gardens and that’s how he got home. He
didn’t know if there were Germans in our village, so he lay in the garden until
his sister came out of the house. He called her, found out that there were no
Germans in our village and came home to my mother and me. We then lived
separately from my father’s family, in our own hut.
When the Germans captured Belarus, they dissolved the
collective farms. The peasants divided the property of the collective farms and
worked, as they thought, for themselves, tirelessly. That year the harvest was
excellent.
There were no Germans in our village. We only had one
policeman. Everyone knew the policeman, he was a relative to everyone, because
in Belarus the whole village is usually relatives, or godparents, or
matchmakers. The policeman was supposed to report to the Germans about any
changes in the village, but there was nothing special to report, since nothing
happened. Everyone lived and worked.
And then in the spring or summer of 1942, someone killed a
policeman. A great misfortune happened. Everyone knew that the Germans would
send a punitive detachment and shoot all the inhabitants and burn the village.
Such cases have already happened, and everyone knew about them. The whole
village quickly loaded onto carts and went into the forest. My grandmother on
my mother’s side said that she would never go to the forest. Her eldest
daughter, Lexa (Alexandra), remained with her. My grandfather, Tit Minovich,
took Lexa’s children, a boy and a girl, 5 and 7 years old, with him into the
forest. There were only 17 people left in the village, mostly old women. Why
did they leave grandma and Lexa? Because there was no time for arguing and
persuasion. We had to leave before the Germans arrived.
The next day, when the residents went to see what had
happened, they saw that the village had been burned. My grandmother prayed in
the corner where her icons were and there she was found burnt. Lexa went out
into the yard and was shot there. Who did such evil to the village - killed a
policeman? It was not a village resident, because he knew what the punishment
would be for this. His entire family would have died. This man would have to be
crazy to do such a thing. In fact, policemen were usually killed by partisans.
This was an easy way to increase the number of partisans. But then why did they
choose our village? There were plenty of villages where the Germans did not
stand and where it was very easy to kill a policeman. I don't know the answer
to these questions. The village joined the 152nd partisan detachment of Mikhail
Dmitrievich Gritsan.
When Stalin decided to create a partisan movement, all of
Belarus was already occupied by the Germans. Gritsan was a career military man
in Ukraine. He was sent to create a partisan detachment in Belarus, in the Bykovs
region.
The partisans did not live crowdedly. There was a main
settlement where the detachment's headquarters was located and there were
several small settlements in different places scattered in the forest. My
grandfather Maxim Kornienko worked and lived with his family in the detachment
headquarters. My dad, mom, my sister, me and grandpa Titus, my mom’s father,
with Aunt Lexa’s two children, settled about 7 kilometers from the main
headquarters. All families lived in dugouts.
My father was a scout, like most partisans. He had 4 brothers
and two sisters. He was the eldest. His
siblings were all too young to serve in the partisans. My dad’s younger sister
was only a year older than me, and after the war we went to school in the same
class. In total, my grandfather’s family is 8 people, and our family is 7
people: mom, dad, me, my sister, who was already born in the Partisans, and my
grandfather on my mother’s side, with two children. Total: 15 people who had to
be fed, and only two worked for the partisans.
What did the partisans do? Basically, they went on
reconnaissance missions and sent the received data behind the front line. In
addition, they fed all our forest people. Food was taken from peasants. I
remember one story about how some old man was beaten with ramrods until he said
where and what he had hidden.
Most often we ate horse meat, but there were also various
other foods. One day the partisans brought honey to the delight of all the
children. I remember the honey story well. A family lived near us with two
preschool-aged boys. When the honey ran out, the boys did not want to eat
anything and demanded that their father bring more honey. Their mother came to
complain to my mother.
In any case, several nearby villages fed our village for
almost two years. The Germans did not care as long as the partisans did not
affect their own interests.
I have read many times that partisans blew up trains and
bridges. I think Gritsan didn’t do this, and thanks to him we survived. If such
a case had happened, and the partisans had blown up something, the Germans
would have immediately sent a punitive detachment with an airplane and
destroyed all the partisan settlements. The Germans usually didn’t do this,
because they needed soldiers and planes on the front line, but they definitely
would have done it in the event of an explosion. I think there was some kind of
peaceful coexistence. You won't touch us; we won't touch you. And if there had
been such an explosion, they would have talked about it after the war, but I
didn’t hear anything like that. I asked my mother, but she didn’t know anything
either.
The liberation of Belarus began in the winter of 1943-44. What
I am writing about should have happened in March-April 1944, but I am not sure
and now there is no one to ask. Gritsan received an order to join the Soviet
army. The army broke through far ahead and might not hold its position for
long. Therefore, Gritsan ordered them to immediately load onto the carts and go
to meet the army. My
father and mother were at the headquarters settlement at that time, and my
grandfather Titus and I were in our settlement, which was about 1.5-2 hours
away through the forest. Mom and dad didn't know what to do. They went to my
grandmother to ask for advice. Grandmother told them that she could not take on
such responsibility, they must decide for themselves. It is very likely that if
they do not join the partisans, they will be killed in the forest. But if they
go and survive, and my sister and I die, because Grandfather Titus will not be
able to feed four children aged from one year to 7 years, then how will mom and
dad continue to live with such a sin?
Mom and Dad went to take us. The partisans went to join the
army. My grandmother later said that they saw the Germans walking along a
parallel road in the opposite direction. Everyone was dying of fear. Gritsan
ordered that no one shoot first. Answer only if the Germans start. The Germans
did not start and silently continued their way. The Germans might not have known that these
were partisans, because most people in the carts were old men, women and
children. The connection with the army took place in the village of Toshitsa.
Most of the men were immediately drafted into the army. They also took one of
my father's brothers. He died at the front.
Mom and dad came to our settlement. I remember this and the
next day well. There was nowhere to hide. There was a light snowfall, and the
tracks were clearly visible. We were sitting in the bathhouse. There was
nowhere to go. After some time, the Germans came and took us to the village of
Vygoda (emphasis on the o), where they were stationed. This village was a few
kilometers from our village, so our people knew everyone in Vygoda. We were
placed in a large village bathhouse.
Now I will talk about Tonya. Even at the very beginning of the
war, the Germans were bringing soviet young people to Germany. For some reason,
the Germans uncoupled two cars from the train, left them at a junction, not far
from our village, and forgot about them. The youth were hungry for several
days, and then dispersed to the villages. Tonya lived with us. She helped with
housework. Tonya was well educated and spoke German. After some time, the
Germans took Tonya to Vygoda, where she worked as a translator.
As I understood from the stories, the Germans were divided
into at least two categories. There were punitive SS detachments who were sent
to kill, burn, hang. And there were ordinary German soldiers, like those who
stood in Vygoda. Many of the soldiers sympathized with the villagers and gave
them clothes, shoes and sometimes treats for the children.
Tonya told my father that he would be shot tomorrow. Besides
us, the only people in the bathhouse were women, old people and children from
our settlement. Tonya didn’t know whether they would kill us too or just my
father, but she advised us to run away as a family when it got dark. Tonya
agreed with the patrolman that he would start shooting when we reached the
forest. She told us not to pay attention to the shooting and to run further,
because no one would run into the forest at night to look for us. That's what
we did. Dad carried me on his back, and mom carried my sister. We walked
through the forests south to the Gomel region, where in the village of
Khatovnya, my dad knew someone and where we could hide. I asked my mother: what
happened next when we reached Khatovnya? Mom replied: “A few days later we
joined the partisans again. We had to eat something.”
My partisan feat :))
One day, the partisans obtained food, but could not bring it,
but hid it somewhere in the forest. It was decided that older men, women and
children would go to get food. Two carts set off. Mom took me. If the Germans
had met us, we would have had to say that we were going to the market, or from
the market, or something like that. There were no weapons with us.
We left the forest on a gravel road. And suddenly I saw a
large pipe under the road. Now I know that it was a drainpipe allowing water to
flow from one side of the road to the other. I was surprised that people were
able to fit such a thick pipe under the road. We drove further and I again saw
a similar pipe. We took the groceries, returned to the road, and went home.
At some point we turned off the road into the forest. We drove
for some time, then the carts stopped, and everyone
began to say that we were lost. Everyone stood in a circle and discussed what
we should do. If anyone had seen us with food in the middle of the forest, we
would have been in trouble. Then I said that when we were driving there, I saw
two pipes under the road, and on the way back I saw only one pipe. After
talking, everyone decided to return to the road and drive past the second pipe.
There were no better offers. We returned, passed the second pipe and turned
into the forest again. Now everyone began to recognize the places and we safely
reached the camp. I think it was in Khatovnya. I was already quite big. And
besides, my mother knew all the roads and would not have gotten lost if we were
near our village in the Byhov district.
After the war, Dad went to partisan meetings. Mom kept many
photographs from partisan meetings where dad loved to go. This is a photograph
of Gritsan, which he sent to dad in 1960.
Dad was given a large partisan pension. After his death, my
mother received this pension. In addition, every year she received such
congratulations on Victory Day from Putin, and then from Medvedev. My sister
and I did not receive anything, although, like my mother, we also ate partisan
bread. :-)))
In conclusion, I would like to express my deep gratitude to
the family of Mikhail Dimitrijevic Gritsan. He was born in 1920 in Ukraine. In
1943 he was only 23 years old. He was a wise man, respected by everyone. As I
understood, his main task was to save the lives of all of us. He coped with
this task perfectly. In the post-war period he worked as a school director in
Dneprodzerzhinsk. Died in 1987.
(C) Galina Popovici, 2014
All rights reserved © 2014 Galina Popovich
